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\centerline{\seventeenpointroman CONSTITUTION OF THE}
\centerline{\seventeenpointroman UNITED STATES OF AMERICA}
\centerline{adopted by Congress: 17 September 1787}
\centerline{put into effect: 4 March 1789}

{\bf PREAMBLE} We the People of the United States, in Order to form a�
more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,�
provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and�
secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do�
ordain and establish the Constitution for the United States of�
America. 

{\bf Article I}

{\bf Section 1}\quad All legislative Powers herein granted shall be�
vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a�
Senate and a House of Representatives.

{\bf Section 2}\quad The House of Representatives shall be composed of�
Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States,�
and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite�
for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. No�
Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the�
Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United�
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that�
State in which he shall be chosen. \it [Representative and direct�
Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be�
included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers,�
which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free�
Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and�
excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other�
Persons.]\rm\footnote*{Changed by Section 2 of Amendment XIV (1868).}�
The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the�
first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every�
subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law�
direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every�
thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one�
Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of�
New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight,�
Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland�
six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and�
Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the Representation from any�
State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election�
to fill such Vacancies. The House of Representatives shall chuse their�
Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of�
Impeachment.

{\bf Section 3.} The Senate of the United States shall be composed of�
two Senators from each State, {\it [chosen by the legislature�
thereof,]}\footnote*{Changed by Section 1 of Amendment XVII (1913).}�
for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. Immediately after�
they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they�
shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of�
the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of�
the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth�
Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so�
that one-third may be chosen every second Year \it [; and if Vacancies�
happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the�
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary�
Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall�
then fill such Vacancies]\rm\footnote\dag{Changed by Clause 2 of�
Amendment XVII (1913). } No Person shall be a Senator who shall not�
have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a�
Citizen of the United States, who shall not, when elected, be an�
Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. The Vice�
President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but�
shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall�
chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the�
absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of�
President of the United States. The Senate shall have the sole Power�
to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be�
on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is�
tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be�
convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members�
present. Judgement in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further�
than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy�
any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the�
Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to�
Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

{\bf Section 4.} The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for�
Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the�
Legislature thereof: but the Congress may at any time by Law make or�
alter such Regulations, except as to the Place of Chusing Senators.�
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such�
Meeting shall {\it [be on the first Monday in�
December,]}\footnote*{Changed by Section 2 of Amendment XX (1933). }�
unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.

{\bf Section 5.} Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,�
Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each�
shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller number may�
adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the�
Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties�
as each House may provide. Each House may determine the Rules of its�
Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with�
the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Each House shall keep a�
Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same,�
excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the�
Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at�
the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.�
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the�
Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any�
other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

{\bf Section 6.} The Senators and Representatives shall receive a�
Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid�
out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases,�
except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from�
Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective�
Houses, and in going to and returning from same; and for any Speech or�
Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other�
Place. No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which�
he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority�
of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments�
whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person�
holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of�
either House during his Continuance in Office.

{\bf Section 7. } All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the�
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with�
Amendments as on other Bills. Every Bill which shall have passed the�
House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a�
Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve�
he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections�
to that House in which it shall have Originated, who shall enter the�
Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If�
after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to�
pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the�
other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if�
approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in�
all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas�
and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill�
shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any�
Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays�
excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be�
a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by�
their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a�
Law.\footnote*{A presidential 'pocket veto' occurs when a bill is not�
returned before Congress adjourns.} Every Order, Resolution, or Vote�
to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representative may�
be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented�
to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take�
Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall�
be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives,�
according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a�
Bill. 

{\bf Section 8. } The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect�
Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and
provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United�
States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform�
throughout the United States; To borrow money on the credit of the�
United States; To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among�
the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; To establish an�
uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of�
Bankruptcies throughout the United States; To coin Money, regulate the�
Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights�
and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the�
Securities and current Coin of the United States; To establish Post�
Offices and post Roads; To promote the Progress of Science and useful�
Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the�
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; To�
constitute Tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court; To define and�
punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences�
against the Law of Nations; To declare War, grant Letters of Marque�
and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; To�
raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use�
shall be for a longer Term than two Years; To provide and maintain a�
Navy; To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and�
naval Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the�
Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.; To�
provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia, and for�
governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the�
United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment�
of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according�
to the discipline prescribed by Congress; To exercise exclusive�
Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding�
ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the�
acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the�
United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places�
purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the�
Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, 
dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;-- And To make all Laws which�
shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the�
foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by the Constitution in�
the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer�
thereof.

{\bf Section 9. } The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any�
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be�
prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight�
hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such�
Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. The privilege�
of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in�
Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. No�
Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. No capitation,�
or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census�
or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.\footnote*{But see�
Amendment XVI (1913).} No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles�
exported from any State. No Preference shall be given by any�
Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those�
of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged�
to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. No Money shall be drawn�
from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law;�
and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures�
of all public Money shall be published from time to time. No Title of�
Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding�
any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent�
of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title,�
of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

{\bf Section 10. } No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or�
Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit�
Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in�
Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or�
Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of�
Nobility. No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any�
Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely�
necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the net Produce of�
all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall�
be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; all such Laws�
shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. No�
State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any duty of Tonnage,�
keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any�
Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or�
engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as�
will not admit of delay.

{\bf Article II}

{\bf Section 1}. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of�
the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term�
of four Years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the�
same Term, be elected, as follows. Each State shall appoint, in such�
Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct\footnote*{The�
Constitution does not require direct popular election of presidential�
electors, but all of the states mandated it by the mid-19th century.},�
a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and�
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:�
but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust�
or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. \it�
[The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by�
Ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an�
Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a�
List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for�
each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to�
the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the�
President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the�
Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the�
Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having�
the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be�
a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be�
more than one who have such Majority, and have am equal Number of�
Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by�
Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority,�
then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like�
Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes�
shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having�
one Vote; a quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or�
Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the�
States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice�
of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of�
the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain�
two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by�
Ballot the Vice-President.]\rm\footnote*{Superseded by Amendment XII�
(1804).} The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors,�
and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be�
the same throughout the United States. No Person except a natural born�
Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the�
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of�
President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who�
shall not have attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and been�
fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. \it [In Case of�
the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,�
Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the�
said Office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the�
Congress may by Law, provide for the Case of Removal, Death,�
Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President,�
declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer�
shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President�
shall be elected.]\rm\footnote\dag{This clause has been affected by�
Amendment XXV (1967).} The President shall, at stated Times, receive�
for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor�
diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and�
he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the�
United States, or any of them. Before he enter on the Execution of his�
Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:--``I do�
solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office�
of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability,�
preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.''

{\bf Section 2}. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army�
and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several�
States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he�
may require the Opinion in writing, of the principal Officer in each�
of the executive Departments, upon any subject relating to the Duties�
of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to Grant�
Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except�
in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice�
and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two-thirds of�
the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with�
the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other�
public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all�
other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein�
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the�
Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as�
they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in�
the Heads of Departments. The President shall have Power to fill up�
all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by�
granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next�
Session.

{\bf Section 3.} He shall from time to time give to the Congress�
Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their�
Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;�
he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of�
them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the�
Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall�
think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers;�
he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall�
Commission all the Officers of the United States.

{\bf Section 4.} The President, Vice President and all civil Officers�
of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,�
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and�
Misdemeanors. 

{\bf Article III}

{\bf Section 1}. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be�
vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the�
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both�
of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during�
good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services,�
a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance�
in Office.

{\bf Section 2. } The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law�
and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United�
States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their�
Authority; --to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public�
Ministers and Consuls; --to all Cases of admiralty and maritime�
Jurisdiction; --to Controversies to which the United States shall be a�
Party; --to Controversies between two or more States; --between a�
State and Citizens of another State; --between Citizens of different�
States; --between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under�
Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens�
thereof, and foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects. In all Cases�
affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those�
in which a State shall be a Party, the supreme Court shall have�
original Jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the�
supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and�
Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress�
shall make. The trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment,�
shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the�
said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within�
any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress�
may by Law have directed.

{\bf Section 3}. Treason against the United States, shall consist only�
in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving�
them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless�
on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on�
Confession in open Court. The Congress shall have Power to declare the�
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work�
Corruption of Blood\footnote*{To ``work Corruption of Blood'' means to�
make the family of the convicted share his guilt.}, or Forfeiture�
except during the Life of the person Attainted.

{\bf Article IV\par}

{\bf Section 1}. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to�
the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other�
State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in�
which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the�
Effect thereof.

{\bf Section 2}. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all�
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person�
charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall�
flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of�
the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered�
up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. \it�
[No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the laws�
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or�
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but�
shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or�
Labour may be due.]\rm \footnote*{Superseded by Amendment XIII�
(1865).}

{\bf Section 3.} New States may be admitted by the Congress into this�
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the�
Jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State be formed by the�
Junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the�
Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the�
Congress. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all�
needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other�
Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this�
Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the�
United States, or of any particular State.

{\bf Section 4.} The United States shall guarantee to every State in�
this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of�
them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of�
the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against�
domestic Violence.

{\bf Article V}

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both House shall deem it�
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the�
Application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States,�
shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either�
Case, shall be valid, to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this�
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of�
the several States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the�
one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress:�
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One�
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first�
and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that�
no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage�
in the Senate.

{\bf Article VI\par}

 All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the�
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United�
States under this Constitution as under the Confederation. This�
Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in�
Pursuance thereof, and all Treaties made, or which shall be made,�
under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of�
the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any�
Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the contrary�
notwithstanding. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned,�
and the members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive�
and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several�
States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this�
Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a�
Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

{\bf Article VII}
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient�
for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so�
ratifying the Same. Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the�
States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our�
Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the�
Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth.

In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names.

\newpage

\centerline{\seventeenpointroman The Amendments}
\centerline{\seventeenpointroman to the Constitution}
\centerline{Ratified 1791-1971}

{\smc ARTICLES IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, THE CONSTITUTION OF THE�
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PROPOSED BY CONGRESS, AND RATIFIED BY THE�
LEGISLATURES OF THE SEVERAL STATES, PURSUANT TO THE 5th ARTICLE OF THE�
ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION}\footnote*{Amendment XXI was not ratified by�
state legislatures, but by state conventions summoned by Congress.�
This version of the Constitution lacks the so-called 'preamble' to the�
Bill of Rights (essentially a letter of transmittal from Congress to�
the states); most scholars believe it, and the letters of transmittal�
prefacing the other 16 amendments, unnecessarily lengthens the text of�
the Constitution.}.
(The first 10 Amendments were ratified 15 December 1791, and from what�
is known as the '{\bf Bill of Rights}'.)

{\bf AMENDMENT I}

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or�
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of�
speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to�
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

{\bf AMENDMENT II}

A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free�
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be�
infringed.

{\bf AMENDMENT III}

No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without�
the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be�
prescribed by law.

{\bf AMENDMENT IV }

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,�
and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be�
violated; and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause,�
supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the�
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

{\bf AMENDMENT V}

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous�
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except�
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when�
in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any�
person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of�
life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a�
witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or�
property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be�
taken for public use, without just compensation.

{\bf AMENDMENT VI}

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a�
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and�
district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district�
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of�
the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the�
witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining�
witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his�
defence.

{\bf AMENDMENT VII}

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed�
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no�
fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of�
the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

{\bf AMENDMENT VIII}

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor�
cruel and unusual punishment inflicted.

{\bf AMENDMENT IX}

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be�
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

{\bf AMENDMENT X}

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor�
prohibited to it by the States, are reserved to the States�
respectively, or to the people.

{\bf AMENDMENT XI} (ratified February 7, 1795)

 The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to�
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against�
one of the United States by Citizens of another State or by Citizens�
or Subjects of any Foreign State.

{\bf AMENDMENT XII} (ratified June 15, 1804)

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot�
for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be�
an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in�
their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct�
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make�
distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all�
persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for�
each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to�
the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the�
President of the Senate; --the President of the Senate shall, in the�
presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives, open all the�
certificates and the votes shall then be counted; --The person having�
the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if�
such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed;�
and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having�
the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for�
as President, the House of Representative shall choose immediately, by�
ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall�
be taken by states, the representations from each state having one�
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members�
from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall�
be necessary to a choice. \it [And if the House of Representatives�
shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall�
devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then�
the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or�
other constitutional disability of the�
President.--]\rm\footnote*{Superseded by Section 3 of Amendment XX�
(1933).} The person having the greatest number of votes as 
Vice-President, shall be the Vice President, if such number be a�
majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person�
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the�
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall�
consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, a majority of�
the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person�
constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be�
eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

{\bf AMENDMENT XIII }(ratified December 6, 1865)\footnote*{Amendments�
XIII, XIV, and XV, known as the Reconstruction Amendments, were�
intended to guarantee the rights of slaves emancipated during the�
Civil War.}

{\bf Section 1.} Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as�
a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly�
convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject�
to their jurisdiction.

{\bf Section 2}. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by�
appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XIV }(ratified July 9, 1868)

{\bf Section 1.} All persons born or naturalized in the United States,�
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are Citizens of the United�
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or�
enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of�
citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person�
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny�
any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

{\bf Section 2. } Representatives shall be apportioned among the�
several States according to their respective numbers, counting the�
whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.�
But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors�
for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives�
in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the�
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male�
inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of�
age\footnote\dag{Changed by Section 1 of Amendment XXVI (1971).}, and�
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for�
participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of�
representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the�
number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male�
citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

{\bf Section 3.} No person shall be a Senator or Representative in�
Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any�
office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any�
State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress,�
or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State�
legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to�
support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in�
insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to�
the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each�
House, remove such disability.

{\bf Section 4.} The validity of the public debt of the United States,�
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions�
and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,�
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State�
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of�
insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for�
the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations�
and claims shall be held illegal and void.

{\bf Section 5}. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by�
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

{\bf AMENDMENT XV }(ratified February 3, 1870)

{\bf Section 1}. The right of Citizens of the United States to vote�
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State�
on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

{\bf Section 2}. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article�
by appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XVI} (ratified February 3, 1913)

The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,�
from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several�
States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.

{\bf AMENDMENT XVII} (ratified April 8, 1913)

The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from�
each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each�
Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the�
qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of�
the State legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of�
any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall�
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the�
legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make�
temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election�
as the legislature may direct. This amendment shall not be so�
construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen�
before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.

{\bf AMENDMENT XVIII} (ratified January 16, 1919) [

{\bf\it Section 1}\it . After one year from the ratification of this�
article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating�
liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation�
thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the�
jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. [\rm

{\bf\it Section 2.}\it The Congress and the several States shall have�
concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate 
legislation.�
[\rm

{\bf\it Section 3.}\it This article shall be inoperative unless it�
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the�
legislatures of the several States as provided in the Constitution,�
within seven years of the date of the submission hereof to the States�
by Congress.]\rm\footnote*{Prohibition, ratified during wartime, was�
repealed by Section 1 of Amendment XXI (1933).}

{\bf AMENDMENT XIX }(ratified August 18, 1920)

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied�
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.�
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate�
legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XX} (ratified January 23, 1933)

{\bf Section 1}. The terms of the President and Vice President shall�
end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and�
Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in�
which such terms would have ended if this article had not been�
ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.

{\bf Section 2.} The Congress shall assemble at least once in every�
year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January,�
unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

{\bf Section 3.} If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term�
of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice�
President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have�
been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if�
the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice�
President elect shall act as President until a President shall have�
qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein�
neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have�
qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in�
which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act�
accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified.

{\bf Section 4}. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the�
death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may�
choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved�
upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from�
whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of�
choice shall have devolved upon them.

{\bf Section 5.} Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of�
October following the ratification of this article.

{\bf Section 6.} This article shall be inoperative unless it shall�
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by 
three-fourths of the several States within seven Years from the date�
of its submission.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXI }(ratified December 5, 1933)

{\bf Section 1.} The eighteenth article of amendment to the�
Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.

{\bf Section 2.} The transportation or importation into any State,�
Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use�
therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is�
hereby prohibited.

{\bf Section 3}. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall�
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions�
in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven�
years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the�
Congress.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXII} (ratified February 27, 1951)\footnote*{This�
amendment was added after Franklin D. Roosevelt won four consecutive�
presidential elections.}

{\bf Section 1.} No person shall be elected to the office of the�
President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of�
President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to�
which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the�
office of the President more than once. But this Article shall not�
prevent any person holding the office of President when this Article�
was proposed by the Congress, and shall not apply to any person who�
may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during�
the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the�
office of President or acting as President during the remainder of�
such term.

{\bf Section 2}. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall�
have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the�
legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years�
from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXIII }(ratified March 29, 1961)

{\bf Section 1.} The District constituting the seat of Government of�
the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may�
direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to�
the whole number of Senators and Representative in Congress to which�
the District would be entitled if it were a State, but in no event�
more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition to those�
appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the�
purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be�
electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the District and�
perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment.

{\bf Section 2}. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article�
by appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXIV} (ratified January 24, 1964)

{\bf Section 1}. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in�
any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for�
electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or�
Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the�
United States or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or�
other tax.

{\bf Section 2.} The Congress shall have power to enforce this article�
by appropriate legislation.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXV }(ratified February 10, 1967)

{\bf Section 1}. In case of the removal of the President from office�
or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become�
President.

{\bf Section 2. } Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the�
Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who�
shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses�
of Congress.

{\bf Section 3. } Whenever the President transmits to the President�
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of�
Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge�
the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a�
written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be�
discharged by the Vice President as Acting President.

{\bf Section 4. } Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either�
the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other�
body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro�
tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives�
their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge�
the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall�
immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting�
President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President�
pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of�
Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he�
shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice�
President and a majority of either the principal officers of the�
executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law�
provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the�
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written�
declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and�
duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue,�
assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in�
session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the�
latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within�
twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by�
two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to�
discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President�
shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise,�
the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.

{\bf AMENDMENT XXVI} (ratified July 1, 1971)

{\bf Section 1. } The right of citizens of the United States, who are�
eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or�
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of age.

{\bf Section 2}. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this�
article by appropriate legislation.

\medskip
\bar
\medskip

The text of the Constitution and amendments was checked against the�
text in The Wilson Quarterly, Spring 1987 (vol.~XI, No.~2),�
pp.~136-153, and the notes derived from those provided there. Part of�
footnote 12 was derived from a note in the Summer 1987 issue (vol. XI,�
No.~3), p.~173.

While there is no official version of the Constitution, this text�
reproduces that used by both the Supreme Court and the National�
Archives. 

\vfill

This text file generated by {\bf Bill Kelsey, Theographic Associates,�
Cambridge, MA}

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Text file mangled, munged, warped and typeset in \TeX\ by
{\bf Tom Jennings, World Power Systems, Box 77731, San Francisco CA�
94107}

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